江西省2001-2005年森林植被碳储量及 区域分布特征

利用"十五"期间(2001-2005年)江西省森林资源二类清查资料,根据优势树种生物量扩展方程,估算江西省森林植被的碳储量和碳密度,并分析其地理分布特征。江西省森林植被的总碳储量为263.87 Tg C(1 Tg C=10⁶ t),其中林分碳储量为214.70 Tg C。在11个地市中,赣州市的森林植被碳储量最大,为70.11 Tg C,其次是吉安市、上饶市和宜春市。江西省森林植被的平均碳密度为26.27 t/hm²,林分平均碳密度为27.20 t/hm²,各地市森林植被的平均碳密度景德镇市最大,为31.65 t/hm²,其次为宜春市、吉安市和鹰潭市。各森林类型中,杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)林的碳储量最大,为73.77 Tg C,占江西省林分碳储量的34.36％;硬阔林的碳密度大于其他类型森林,为42.64 t/hm²,是江西省森林植被平均碳密度的1.5倍多。幼、中龄林的碳储量占全省林分碳储量的81.95％,碳密度随着龄级的增长而增加。     

资源环境综合科学考察中的多维数据集成管理模式研究与实践 ——以中国北方及其毗邻地区综合科学考察为例

资源环境综合科学考察是掌握和获取国家和区域资源环境本底数据的重要手段。综合科学考察数据来之不易、非常宝贵,但是由于其所具有的多来源、多类型、多学科等综合性特点,这不仅影响到大量已有考察活动积累数据的集成,而且给当前正在开展的许多科学考察研究活动的数据集成管理带来困难。针对这一需求,论文分析认为缺少"一致性的数据模型"是综合科学考察数据集成的核心问题,提出了综合科学考察多维数据管理的理念,对综合科学考察数据的多维特性进行分析,并在此基础上提出多维数据管理的共性维度概念模型。结合当前正在开展的跨中国、俄罗斯、蒙古三国的中国北方及其毗邻地区综合科学考察研究实践,建立了综合科学考察数据集成与管理的三个共性维度基准。具体包括与考察任务内容对应的数据要素维基准、按照考察数据采集和更新周期的数据时间维基准、按照地理空间格网体系建立的数据空间维基准。这一模式初步应用于中国北方及其毗邻地区综合科学考察的数据集成与管理,取得较好效果。     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Experimental and modeling study of de novo formation of PCDD/PCDF on MSW fly ash

The effect of sulfur dioxide （SO2） on the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins （PCDDs） and polychlorinated dibenzofurans （PCDFs） has been studied in an entrained-flow reactor （EFR） under simulated waste combustion conditions. A chlorination model based on conditional probability was employed to evaluate the homologue patterns of PCDDs and PCDFs. Results revealed that the presence of SO2 did not alter the formation pathway although SO2 suppressed PCDD/F formation. The prediction model of PCDF showed good agreement with the experimental data （R--0.95）, whereas the prediction for PCDDs did not correlate well with the experimental data. This may be explained because potential chlorination pathways play a significant role in PCDF formation, whereas PCDDs are mainly formed through condensation reactions. Furthermore, the result indicated that the steric hindrance during formation has more effects on PCDD than on PCDF due to the symmetric molecular structures of PCDDs.     

Response of soil fauna to simulated nitrogen deposition： A nursery experiment in subtropical China

We studied the responses of soil fauna to a simulated nitrogen deposition in nursery experimental plots in Subtropical China. Dissolved NH4NO3 was applied to the soil by spraying twice per month for 16 months, starting January 2003 with treatments of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 30 gN/(m2·a). Soil fauna was sampled after 6, 9, 13 and 16 months of treatment in three soil depths (0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-15 cm). Soil available N increased in correspondence with the increasing N treatment, whereas soil pH decreased. Bacterial and fungal densities were elevated by the N treatment. Soil fauna increased in the lower nitrogen treatments but decreased in the higher N treatments, which might indicate that there was a threshold around 10 gN/(m2·a) for the stimulating effects of N addition. The N effects were dependent on the soil depth and sampling time. The data also suggested that the effects of the different N treatments were related to the level of N saturation, especially the concentration of NO3- in the soil.     

Activated carbons derived from oil palm empty-fruit bunches： Application to environmental problems

Activated carbons derived from oil palm empty fruit bunches （EFB） were investigated to find the suitability of its application for removal of phenol in aqueous solution through adsorption process, Two types of activation namely; thermal activation at 300, 500 and 800℃and physical activation at 150℃ （boiling treatment） were used for the production of the activated carbons. A control （untreated EFB） was used to compare the adsorption capacity of the activated carbons produced from these processes. The results indicated that the activated carbon derived at the temperature of 800℃ showed maximum absorption capacity in the aqueous solution of phenol. Batch adsorption studies showed an equilibrium time of 6 h for the activated carbon at 800℃. It was observed that the adsorption capacity was higher at lower values of pH （2-3） and higher value of initial concentration of phenol （200-300 mg/L）. The equilibrium data fitted better with the Freundlich adsorption isotherm compared to the Langmuir. Kinetic studies of phenol adsorption onto activated carbons were also studied to evaluate the adsorption rate. The estimated cost for production of activated carbon from EFB was shown in lower price （USD 0.50/kg of activated carbon） compared the activated carbon from other sources and processes.     

Improving the Chest Protection of Elderly Occupants in Frontal Crashes Using SMART Load Limiters

Objective: To determine whether varying the seat belt load limiter (SBL) according to crash and occupant characteristics could have real-world injury reduction benefits in frontal impacts and, if so, to quantify those benefits.

Methods: Real-world UK accident data were used to identify the target population of vehicle occupants and frontal crash scenarios where improved chest protection could be most beneficial. Generic baseline driver and front passenger numerical models using a 50th percentile dummy were developed with MADYMO software. Simulations were performed where the load limiter threshold was varied in selected frontal impact scenarios. For each SBL setting, restraint performance, dummy kinematics, and injury outcome were studied in 5 different frontal impact types. Thoracic injury predictions were converted into injury probability values using Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2+ age-dependent thoracic risk curves developed and validated based on a methodology proposed by Laituri et al. (2005). Real-world benefit was quantified using the predicted AIS 2+ risk and assuming that an appropriate adaptive system was fitted to all the cars in a real-world sample of recent frontal crashes involving European passenger cars.

Results: From the accident data sample the chest was the most frequently injured body region at an AIS 2+ level in frontal impacts (7% of front seat occupants). The proportion of older vehicle front seat occupants (>64 years) with AIS 2+ injury was also greater than the proportion of younger occupants. Additionally, older occupants were more likely to sustain seat belt–induced serious chest injury in low- and moderate-speed frontal crashes. In both front seating positions, the low SBL provided the best chest injury protection, without increasing the risk to other body regions. In severe impacts, the low SBL allowed the driver to move dangerously close to the steering wheel. Compared to the driver side, greater ride-down space on the passenger side gave a higher potential for using the low SBLs. When applying the AIS 2+ risk reduction findings to the weighted accident data sample, the risk of sustaining an AIS 2+ seat belt injury changed to 0.9, 4.9, and 8.1% for young, mid, and older occupants, respectively, from their actual injury risk of 1.3, 7.6, and 13.1%.

Conclusions: These results suggest the potential for improving the safety of older occupants with the development of smarter restraint systems. This is an important finding because the number of older users is expected to increase rapidly over the next 20 years. The greatest benefits were seen at lower crash severities. This is also important because most real-world crashes occur at lower speeds.     

基于新数据分配法的线路板生命周期清单分析

针对目前生命周期评价清单分析中数据有效性差,以及线路板生产重金属废水和危险废物污染大的问题,在生命周期清单分析中引入行业分配系数,即根据行业和产品的不同分别确定物耗、能耗和污染物排放分配系数;并根据质能守恒原理设计了新数据分配算法,将各类分配系数代入该算法,将多种类产品的混合数据分配到各单种类产品中;最后运用该方法对线路板进行生命周期清单分析,得到了线路板行业的分配系数及单面板、双面板和多层板的生命周期清单。结果表明:新分配算法优于目前常用的以相对质量进行数据分配的方法;在线路板生命周期全过程中,产品生产和报废处置两阶段对环境影响最大;生产阶段最大的污染是危险固废,而非传统认识中的重金属废水;电力消耗是线路板生命过程中的主要能耗。     

舰载环境振动摇摆特性测试分析

目的研究舰船在不同航行状态、不同海况下的振动和摇摆响应特性。方法在舰船特征位置布设加速度传感器和倾角传感器,利用数据采集与分析系统对海上航行状态下舰船的振动加速度和摇摆角度信号进行数据采集和信号分析。结果海上测试获取了大量实测数据,通过数据分析得到了某型舰船的振动和摇摆特性。结论对舰船在一定条件下的典型振动特性和摇摆特性有了初步认识,为舰载环境条件的参数积累和武器系统在舰载环境下的适应性及可靠性研究提供了重要的参考和依据。     

A Faster and Economical Approach to Floodplain Mapping Using Soil Information

Flood inundation maps play a key role in assessment and mitigation of potential flood hazards. However, owing to high costs associated with the conventional flood mapping methods, many communities in the United States lack flood inundation maps. The objective of this study is to develop and examine an economical alternative approach to floodplain mapping using widely available soil survey geographic (SSURGO) database. In this study, floodplain maps are developed for the entire state of Indiana, and some counties in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Washington states by identifying flood‐prone soil map units based on their attributes. For validation, the flood extents obtained from SSURGO database are compared with the extents from other floodplain maps such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency issued flood insurance rate maps (FIRMs), flood extents observed during past floods, and flood maps derived using digital elevation models. In general, SSURGO‐based floodplain maps (SFMs) are largely in agreement with other flood inundation maps. Specifically, the floodplain extents from SFMs cover 78‐95% area compared to FIRMs and observed flood extents. Thus, albeit with a slight loss in accuracy, the SSURGO approach offers an economical and fast alternative for floodplain mapping. In particular, it has potentially high utility in areas where no detailed flood studies have been conducted.